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The CRLC collection of on line publications accessible through YorkSpace includes a variety of articles or books produced by the members of CRLC. The CRLC members have written several thousands of publications in the area of Language and Culture Contact. Thus, the CRLC collection of on line publications has the potential of providing researchers and the general public with a significant database on studies in Language and Culture Contact. However, before a given publication is posted on the YorkSpace on line repository, many steps must be taken (e.g. bibliographical identification, authorization from the authors and publishers, scanning of older publications, indexing). Consequently, expansion of the on line collection of CRLC publications can only proceed gradually.
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Item Open Access Agreeing to disagree: Variable subject-verb agreement in immersion French(CAAL - ACLA - Association Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquee, 2001) Nadasdi, TerryThe present study examines the variable presence/absence of third person plural marking on French verbs in the speech of French immersion students. The analysis considers both linguistic and social factors that condition variation and compares results with those found for native speakers of French. The principle findings are that agreement marking in the speech of immersion students is comparable to that of native Francophones whose use of French is restricted. The only social factor found to condition variation is amount of French language schooling. Several linguistic factors condition variation. Some of these are also found in restricted native speaker French, while others are particular to the immersion students. Cette étude porte sur la présence variable des marques de nombre sur les verbes français dans le parler d'étudiants qui suivent un programme d'immersion française. Nous tenons compte des facteurs linguistiques et sociaux qui conditionnent la variation et nous présentons des comparaisons avec le parler des francophones. Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que l'accord en nombre se fait à un taux de fréquence qui est similaire à ce qu'on trouve pour les locuteurs natifs. Le seul facteur social qui entre en corrélation avec la variable est la proportion d'instruction en français. Plusieurs facteurs linguistiques exercent une influence significative. Certains de ces facteurs se retrouvent également dans le parler des francophones en situation minoritaire, tandis que d'autres sont particuliers aux étudiants inscrits dans un programme d'immersion française.Item Open Access Back to the Future in Acadian French(Cambridge University Press, 2003) King, Ruth; Nadasdi, TerryAbstract - Our article presents a variationist analysis of future verb forms in Acadian French. The main variants considered are the inflected future (e.g. je partirai) and the periphrastic future (e.g. je vais partir). The purpose of this study is two-fold: a) it will determine the distribution of these variants and their linguistic correlates; b) it will compare the use of future verb forms with other varieties of French. Our results reveal that the inflected future is used with greater frequency in Acadian French than in other Canadian varieties and that the factors that condition the variable in Acadian are not the same as in other varieties. (Received November 2000) (Revised May 2003)Item Open Access First-person plural in Prince Edward Island Acadian French: The fate of the vernacular variant je...ons(Cambridge University Press, 2004) King, Ruth; Nadasdi, Terry; Butler, GaryIn Atlantic Canada Acadian communities, definite on is in competition with the traditional vernacular variant je . . . ons (e.g., on parle vs. je parlons “we speak”), with the latter variant stable only in isolated communities, but losing ground in communities in which there is substantial contact with external varieties of French. We analyze the distribution of the two variants in two Prince Edward Island communities that differ in terms of amount of such contact. The results of earlier studies of Acadian French are confirmed in that je . . . ons usage remains robust in the more isolated community but is much lower in the less isolated one. However, in the latter community, the declining variant, while accounting for less than 20% of tokens for the variable, has not faded away. Although it is not used at all by some speakers, it is actually the variant of choice for others, and for still other speakers, it has taken on a particular discourse function, that of indexing narration. Comparison with variation in the third-person plural, in which a traditional variant is also in competition with an external variant, shows that the decline of je . . . ons is linked to its greater saliency, making it a prime candidate for social reevaluation.Item Open Access Le mot juste en français albertain(Les Presses de Saint Boniface; http://www.ustboniface.mb.ca/cusb/presses/, 2004) Nadasdi, Terry; Keppie, ChristinaRESUME Cette etude presente une analyse variationniste des adverbes de restriction en francais albertain. Trois variantes sont examinees, a savoir, seulement, rien que et juste. Ces trois formes entrent en correlation avec differents facteurs linguistiques et sociaux: par exemple, la variante rien que se trouve le plus souvent devant un syntagme nominal ou adjectival; seulement se trouve presque uniquement devant les noms; juste s'emploie le plus souvent devant un element verbal. Pour ce qui est des facteurs d'ordre sociaux, on note que l'instruction en francais joue un role important: plus le niveau d'instruction en francais est eleve, moins les locuteurs utilisent juste. Notons aussi que la variante seulement se trouve uniquement dans le parler des locuteurs ayant le plus haut niveau d'instruction en francais. En ce qui concerne la variante rien que, aucune correlation avec 1'instruction en francais n'a ete trouvee. Ce resultat suggere que cette variante n'est pas stigmatisee en francais albertain. L'age est le facteur social qui exerce la plus forte influence sur l'emploi des variantes. La variante rien que est completement absente du parler des locuteurs ayant moins de vingtcinq ans, ce qui suggere une reduction sociolectale encore plus forte que ce qu'on trouve en Ontario. Par contre, la forme juste s'emploie massivement chez la jeune generation ou son taux d'emploi est de 78 %. ABSTRACT Our study presents a variationist analysis of restrictive adverbs in Alberta French. Three variants are considered: seulement, rien que and juste. Several linguistic and social factors condition the variable. For example, rien que is used most often with noun phrases and adjectives; seulement is used almost exclusively before nouns; juste tends to be used before verbs. Concerning social factors, our results show that education plays a key role: the higher one's education in French, the less likely one is to use juste. On the other hand, seulement is found only in the speech of those individual with a high level of French language education. As for rien que, no correlation with education was found, which suggests that this is not a stigmatized variant in Alberta French. Speakers' age also conditions the variable. No instances of rien que are found in speakers under the age of 25, which suggests that these speakers demonstrate greater sociolectal reduction than is found in Ontario French. On the other hand, the variant juste is widely used by the younger generation who use this form 78 % of the time.Item Open Access Living and working in immersion French(Cambridge University Press, 2003) Nadasdi, Terry; McKinnie, MeghanAbstract -- Our study presents a variationist analysis of lexical variation in L2 immersion in French. Two variables are considered: a) words referring to remunerated work, e.g. travail; b) verbs used to indicate one's place of residence, e.g. habiter. One linguistic factor, priming in the interviewer's question, is shown to condition both variables. A number of social factors are also considered. The only correlation that obtains with a social factor is speakers' home language for the ‘work’ variable. The main finding from our study is that in comparison to L1 Canadian Francophones, the immersion students make use of a limited number of lexical variants and show no knowledge of highly frequent non standard L1 forms. (Received January 2000) (Revised August 2001)Item Open Access Restriction linguistique et cliticisation des pronoms indirects inanimés en Franco-Ontarien(Les Presses de Trois-Rivières, 1995) Nadasdi, TerryCet article a pour but de présenter les résultats d'une étude préliminaire portant sur les pronoms indirects inanimés en franco-ontarien. Deux types de pronoms sont employés pour représenter l'objet indirect du verbe: les pronoms clitiques, qu'on analyse comme des marques verbaux, et les pronoms forts, qui se comportent comme des syntagmes indépendants. Chaque type de pronoms fait partie d'une variable morphosyntaxique. L'occurence de chaque variante est mise en corrélation avec la restriction linguistique d'une cinquantaine de locuteurs. Il est observé que, plus l'emploi de la langue est réduite, plus on a tendance à employer les formes fortes. La conclusion générale qu'on en tire est que les locuteurs qui témoignent d'une restriction linguistique ont une prédilection pour des structures analytiques alors que leurs homologues dont l'emploi de la langue n'est pas réduit préfèrent des structures synthétiques.Item Open Access Subject NP Doubling, Matching and Minority French(Cambridge University Press; http://www.cambridge.org/, 1995) Nadasdi, TerryOur study presents a variationist analysis of subject doubling in the French of Ontario, Canada. Two principal variants are distinguished: a non-doubled variant and a doubled variant containing a clitic agreement marker. In our analyses, both linguistic and social factors are taken into account and analyzed using GOLDVARB2. It is proposed that subject clitics are marked for default features, and that the doubled variant is favored when the clitic's default features match those of the subject NP; lack of matching favors the non-doubled variant. Discussion of linguistic factors for the present study, therefore, is limited to those factors which can be explained in terms of matching. The principal social factor studied is restricted language use (cf. Mougeon & Beniak, 1991). Our results show that the greater the restriction, the fewer doubled subjects one finds.Item Open Access The learning of sociostylistic variation by advanced FSL learners: The case of nous versus on(Cambridge University Press - Copyright holder: Cambridge University Press - Http://journals.canbridge.org, 2003) Rehner, Katherine; Mougeon, Raymond; Nadasdi, TerryThis paper synthesizes research on the acquisition of linguistic variation by learners of French as a second language--an overview that, to our knowledge, is the first of its kind. It also presents a case study on French immersion students' acquisition of the pronouns "nous" and "on" "we," an alternation in many varieties of spoken French. The study shows that the students use the mildly marked variant "on" slightly more often than the formal variant "nous" but much less often than native speakers (who use it almost categorically) and immersion teachers (who strongly favor it). Female and middle-class students favor "nous," students with greater extracurricular French language exposure favor "on," and students who speak a Romance language at home favor "nous." Various explanations are proposed for these correlations. Finally, the students, like L1 Francophones, favor "on" in linguistic contexts in which the referent is both nonspecific and unrestricted.