Psychology (Functional Area: Clinical-Developmental)
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Browsing Psychology (Functional Area: Clinical-Developmental) by Subject "Acculturation"
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Item Open Access Parenting Styles in Immigrant, Multigenerational Chinese Canadian Families(2019-03-05) Shih, Cynthia Sing-Yu; Bohr, Yvonne MChinese Canadian (CC) families are increasingly living in multi-generational households, often with grandparents who assist in child caregiving. CC families experience multiple changes both prior to and after resettlement in Canada that can shape their parenting styles and beliefs. Fifty-seven CC and European Canadian (EC) (n = 27) mother-child dyads participated in a play interaction, child cognitive assessment, parent interview, and parent questionnaires to examine parenting styles, child outcomes, maternal sensitivity, and parenting stress. Parenting in CC families, when framed within a bioecological model that accounts for the micro-systemic, cultural, and sociopolitical influences, was more similar to parenting in EC families and incorporated more permissive styles of parenting than previously believed. CC mothers attributed indulgent parenting styles in part to newer preferred parenting practices in China, as well as their desire to parent differently from their own upbringing. So-called Chinese parenting style was associated with negative child outcomes in EC and CC families. There were significant relationships between parenting stress and all reported parenting styles. CC mothers described the cultural continuities and discontinuities that contributed to the multi-generational family dynamics within their homes, including their desire to raise their Canadian-born children with Canadian parenting approaches. To support the continuity of Chinese cultural traditions and practices, many CC parents sought the involvement of co-residing grandparents in child rearing. Implications for clinical parenting interventions targeted to CC families, and immigration policies used by multi-generational immigrant families are discussed. Future research on the relationship between parenting stress and parenting styles, as well as the measurement of maternal sensitivity in CC families is recommended.Item Open Access The Relationships Among Caregiver Culture, Caregiver Behaviours, and Infant Pain at 12 months of Age(2015-08-28) O'Neill, Monica Claire; Riddell, Rebecca PillaiObjectives: The study aimed to discern whether caregiver culture influenced infant pain expression at the 12-month immunization through caregiver behaviours. A moderated mediation model was developed to examine how caregiver behaviours mediate the relationship between caregiver heritage culture and infant pain. Caregiver North American acculturation was introduced as a moderator to examine how the model was impacted when heritage cultural identification and North American acculturation were congruent or incongruent. Methods: Infants (N = 393) with immunization data at 12 months of age were examined. Caregiver behaviour measures were emotional availability rating and proximal soothing behaviour frequency. North American acculturation was measured with a numeric rating scale. Heritage culture was a novel index created from an objectively derived, ‘individualism’ rating assigned to the caregiver’s self-reported heritage culture and the caregiver’s self-reported identification with their heritage culture (i.e., the Heritage Culture Identification and Individualism Index [HCIII]). Two moderated mediation models were estimated, examining infant pain at 1 and 2 minutes post-needle. Results: Regardless, North American acculturation, caregivers who had higher identification with heritage cultures that were highly individualistic (higher HCIII) tended to show greater emotional availability, which in turn predicted decreased infant pain at both 1 and 2 minutes post-needle. Next, caregivers who had higher HCIII scores showed more proximal soothing behaviours, which in turn predicted higher infant pain at 1 minute. Conclusion: The present findings further our understanding of the mechanism by which caregiver culture (and identification with that culture) impacts infant acute pain.