Forer, ArthurFegaras, Eleni2021-03-012021-03-012018-02Protoplasma volume 255, pages1205–1224(2018).0033-183Xhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1214-4http://hdl.handle.net/10315/38120In a typical cell division chromosomes align at the metaphase plate before anaphase commences. This is not the case in Mesostoma spermatocytes. Throughout prometaphase the three bivalents persistently oscillate towards and away from either pole, at average speeds of 5-6 μm/min., without ever aligning at a metaphase plate. In our experiments nocodazole (NOC) was added to prometaphase spermatocytes to depolymerize the microtubules. Traditional theories state that microtubules are the producers of force in the spindle, either by tubulin depolymerizing at the kinetochore (PacMan) or at the pole (Flux). Accordingly, if microtubules are quickly depolymerized, the chromosomes should arrest at the metaphase plate and not move. However, in 57/59 cells at least one chromosome moved to a pole after NOC treatment, and in 52 of these cells all three bivalents moved to the same pole. Thus the movements are not random to one pole or other. After treatment with NOC chromosome movement followed a consistent pattern. Bivalents stretched out towards both poles, paused, detached at one pole, and then the detached kinetochores quickly moved towards the other pole, reaching initial speeds up to more than 200 μm/min., much greater than anything previously recorded in this cell. As the NOC concentration increased the average speeds increased and the microtubules disappeared faster. As the kinetochores approached the pole they slowed down and eventually stopped. Similar results were obtained with colcemid treatment. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy confirms that microtubules are not associated with moving chromosomes. Thus these rapid chromosome movements may be due to non-microtubule spindle components such as actin-myosin or the spindle matrix.enSpringer This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Protoplasma. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1214-4. More information on Springer Nature terms of reuse for archived author accepted manuscripts (AAMs) of subscription articles can be found at https://www.springer.com/gp/open-access/publication-policies/aam-terms-of-use.Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalmeiosismicrotubulesnon-random segregationspindle matrixnocodazoleArticlehttps://www.springer.com/journal/709https://link.springer.com/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00709-018-1214-4