International Congress of Onomastic Sciences, ICOS XXIII

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Open Access
Agrarian Landscapes and the Toponymy of Mediterranean Europe. Catalonia as a Case Study
(York University, 2009) Tort i Donada, Joan
In the countries of the European Mediterranean region (and, specifically, in the territories in which the Romance languages are spoken today), a significant part of the historical toponymy has close links with the rural world and its agrarian activities. This is no chance happening as the first extensive agrarian colonization of these countries was carried out under the Roman Empire. It was also under the rule of this Empire that the pagus was created and became widespread: a legal (and not just a linguistic) concept that referred to the land which was to be farmed and cultivated. And the vestiges of this concept remain visible today in features such as the landscape and the toponymy. In this paper, we wish to present the results of our examination of the links between the agrarian landscape and its toponymy at various points of the Iberian Peninsula. In so doing, we focus our study on a series of present-day place names in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia. We analyse the features that these names have in common and the differences that they present. And, finally, we explain the general correlations that can be observed between these toponyms and certain landscape types or patterns.
Open Access
Atlasregister: Struktur, Systematik und Namensammlung (am Beispiel des Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
(York University, 2009) Wolodtschenko, Alexander
In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, einige semiotische Besonderheiten des Registersbandes des (NAD) zu zeigen. Dabei werden Inhaltsverzeichnis bezogene Informationen sowie informations-semiotische Module des Atlasregisters analysiert, ontologisch strukturiert und als Namensammlungen (Verzeichnisse von Landschafts-, Karten-, Abbildungs-, Beitrags- und Autorennamen) betrachtet.
Open Access
Balto-Finnic Personal Name Suffixes
(York University, 2009) Joalaid, Marje
The Balto-Finnic peoples have always formed their personal names using primarily personal name suffixes. After Christianizing, these peoples as most other European peoples have had Christian names: the Orthodox (Greek-Catholic) people (Karelians, Vepsians, Votes and Ingrians or Izhorians) mostly names of Greek origin, the Roman-Catholics (from the 16th century the Lutherans) (Finns, Estonians, Livonians) names of Latin origin. The Balto-Finnic name suffixes occur in the hypocoristic modifications of the Christian names. The most popular and with great probability also the oldest Balto-Finnic name suffix is -'oi' ('-ęi'). According to old documents it occurs already in the pre-Christian names. The old Balto-Finnic place name with the suffix '-la' also consists of a personal name with the suffix '-oi' before the place name suffix '-la'. The suffix '-oi' is originally a diminutive suffix, although it has lost its diminutive character in names. In different Balto-Finnic languages it has preserved its primary phonetic form (in Finnish, Karelian and Ingrian) or it developed phonetically (Votic -'oi' > '-o', Estonian '-oi' > '-o' > '-u'). In addition to '-oi' there are some other personal name suffixes which occur in different Balto-Finnic languages: '-u', the plosive '+ s' ('-ts', '-ks', '-ps') '-ne(n)', '-uk(ka)' / '-kas', '-k(k)i', and others.
Open Access
Basque Traces in the Toponymy of Newfoundland and Various Coasts of Atlantic Canada
(York University, 2009) Weyers, Christian
Whereas the first and undoubtedly most important toponymic stratum of the island of Newfoundland and adjacent waters is Portuguese, the presence of Basques from the 1530s to the late 17th century on the South and West coasts of Newfoundland, the islands of Cape Breton, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon and on the left bank of the Saint Lawrence River had relatively little impact on the geographical nomenclature. Documentation is rare and not readily accessible, and the omnipresence of French during this period was not at all favorable to the development of appellations given by French and Spanish Basques. Many names are now extinct, others have been Frenchified and Anglicized ('Port au Port', 'Port au Choix', 'Ingornachoix'). The most complete repertory of Basque names (although many of them are mixed or hybrid appellations) is to be found in Pierre Detcheverry’s edition of the rutter of Martín de Hoyarçabal (Bayonne 1677). In contrast, his map of 1689 and that of Denis de Rotis (1676) offer only a relatively small number. An accurate comparison of maps and charts from the 16th and 17th century until today will show to what extent Basque names – including those of minor geographical features – have stayed, been altered or vanished completely. Other categories, e.g., the commemorative names ('Lac de ~' and 'Anse de l’Échafaud du Basque', 'Basque Island', etc.) and name transfers of places of origin with reference to the Basque Country ('Amuitx', 'Plasencia') – some of them hypothetical ('Cape Breton') – will also be discussed in this paper.
Open Access
Building Names in Singapore: Multilingualism of a Different Kind
(York University, 2009) Tan, Peter K W
There has been much discussion about the ideological or political underpinnings of toponyms, e.g., Faraco and Murphy (1997) on Spain, Cohen and Kliot (1992) on the Israeli administered territories, Nash (1999) on the Irish Republic or Yeo (1992, 1996) on Singapore. The Israeli, Irish and Singaporean examples are different from the Spanish one in that the struggle is also expressed linguistically through the form of the names chosen. Yeo (1996) notes the preference for street names based on the Malay language in the 1960s as an expression of Singaporean political independence. In this paper, I examine the names given to residential buildings (condominiums) in Singapore: what kinds of names are used and the reasons for any patterns discerned. While street names are usually tightly controlled by municipal boards, building names are usually given freer rein, although they would still need governmental approval. Building names would therefore reflect the attitudes of the commercially powerful rather than those of the politically powerful. In the context of the Singaporean state ideology of multilingualism (Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese and Tamil) and multiracialism (and therefore multiculturalism), it might therefore be expected that the multilingual nature of the community might also be expressed in the building names accorded. The official languages are clearly not equal based on their degree of representation. Also of note is the presence of languages such as French and Spanish which do not form a part of the normal linguistic repertoire of a Singaporean.
Open Access
By Another Name: The Use of Pseudonyms by Writers in Sweden from 1870 to 1890
(York University, 2009) Entzenberg, Sonja
The change in the social structure from the middle of the 19th century made a new approach to society and people possible. A contributory factor in this regard was the development of daily newspapers and the founding of a new kind of publishing. The number of writers increased, particularly from the 1880s. An economic value arose around book production, bringing with it new terms for the author. The expansion of the press and the book market created more opportunities to be published in different genres, both in lighter and more serious contexts. Writing under a pseudonym or a pen-name was common among both female and male writers. This paper looks at the use of pseudonyms in Sweden in this context, with regard to the professional role of the writer. By using pseudonyms, it was possible to assume different positions as a writer. That, in turn, entailed a certain kind of freedom to create disparate types of texts.
Open Access
Change of Cultural and Natural Names in Pöide Parish (Saarema, Estonia)
(York University, 2009) Alas, Marit
Place names can be classified into cultural and natural names. This classification is expedient, because the names change differently as do their referents. The present article is focused on the evolution of the place names of a single parish in Estonia from 1787 through to this day. Although nearly half of the names of either group have not survived, the changes observed across the groups are different. Cultural names tend to be subject to total lexical replacement, whereas natural names are rather replaced partly, change affecting either the determinative or a part of the attribute.
Open Access
Changes and Traces of Ainu Place Names in Contact with Japanese
(York University, 2009) Kagami, Akikatsu
At the 17th ICOS conference in Helsinki, I gave a paper entitled “Ainu Substratum in the Distribution of Japanese Microtoponyms” and I now would like to present my continuing studies on this topic. In Tohoku (North East District of Japan), there remain many place names having the same word structures as the names in Hokkaido where there still remain Ainu aborigines. But many names in Tohoku have changed through contact with the Japanese language, and it is necessary to interpret these names as to how they changed from Ainu to a Japanized word.
Open Access
Changes in Naming Patterns in 19th Century Estonia. Discarding the Names of Parents and Godparents
(York University, 2009) Hussar, Annika
There were extensive changes in names and naming patterns during the 19th century. In Estonia, in addition to other significant changes, the names chosen for children were less and less influenced by the surrounding community. In other countries, the practice of giving children their godparents’ name has been researched by Smith-Bannister (1997); Garðarsdóttir (1999); Hacker (1999); Sangoï (1999); and van Poppel, Bloothooft, Gerritzen, and Verduin (1999). Social relationships played a far bigger role in the city than in the rural areas; thus the tradition of giving children their godparents’ names was preserved better in the cities. The parents’ choice was not regulated by the Lutheran church either. In Estonia, the practice of giving children double names spread only at the end of the 19th century; thus the emergence of modern names removed the names of the parents, grandparents and godparents from usage, especially in the case of girls’ names.
Open Access
The Choice of First Names as a Social Resource and Act of Identity among Multilingual Families in Contemporary Sweden
(York University, 2009) Aldrin, Emilia
All choices we make, linguistic choices as well as others, are to some extent choices of identity. This includes parents’ choices of first names for their children. Through such choices they create an identity for the child, which will show the child, as well as others, who he or she is and how he or she is related to different groups. In the case of multilingual families the choice of first names often becomes a quite obvious choice between different ethnic identities. These families might choose a first name from the onomasticon of the surrounding majority, or from the onomasticon of their own language(s), or they might try to combine these in some way – and each choice will mean a choice of a different ethnic identity for the child. But the choice is not only a matter of identity. A name can also be a valuable resource that helps to achieve certain social goals. So the name choice can also be affected by more practical issues such as these. In this paper I explore how the choice of first names is influenced by language background in 126 multilingual families in the city of Gothenburg in western Sweden.
Open Access
Contacts médiatiques et migrations onomastiques à Catane
(York University, 2009) Accolla, Dario
Dans la communication de type traditionnel, les échanges linguistiques et culturels s’effectuent habituellement par le contact et la cohabitation entre les populations. Or, dans la communication contemporaine, la rencontre et l’échange entre langues et cultures différentes sont extrêmement facilités car véhiculés par les médias (télévision et internet), qui consentent la migration des contenus culturels d’un lieu de la planète à l’autre, indépendamment de la migration des peuples. L’influence de ces médias, conjointement au rôle fondamental de la télévision, notamment depuis l’arrivée des feuilletons télévisés, des séries et des soap-opéras, s’est concrétisée à partir des années quatrevingts dans les choix des prénoms. Il s’est avéré que, dans le sillage du succès de certains programmes télévisés, plusieurs enfants – nés dans les années successives à la diffusion de ces programmes – aient été nommés avec les prénoms des personnages interprétés par les vedettes de ces feuilletons. C’est le cas de Allan Maico (italianisation de l’anglais Alan Michael, personnage de «The Guiding Light», diffusé en Italie par la chaîne Rete4 sous le titre «Sentieri»), et de Vera Sue Ellen, qui constitue un cas singulier de contamination, car Vera reprend le nom du personnage principal du feuilleton télé «Dancing Days», alors que Sue Ellen est tiré de la série américaine «Dallas». Il semblerait en outre que ce phénomène ne concerne pas toutes les couches socioculturelles mais qu’il soit typique de la classe populaire. Ma recherche se propose donc d’analyser localement ce phénomène, dans la ville de Catane, dans le but de comprendre s’il est diastratiquement identifiable, d’en évaluer l’incidence sur l’ensemble des occurrences onomastiques catanaises et, enfin, d’identifier quels genres de programmes télé et quelles langues ont le plus influencé l’onomastique populaire.
Open Access
The Correlation between Part and Whole in Altai River Names (South Siberia)
(York University, 2009) Molchanova, Olga
Throughout the ages, many philosophers, psychologists, logicians, etc. have attempted to establish one irrefutable approach to the problem of parts and wholes. Philosophers emphasize the priority of a whole over its parts (holism). Psychologists’ basic principle is that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts. As for logic, it deals with the relation of part to whole and the relations of one part to another part within a whole. Without going into minor detail, I will try to present a few general characteristics that enable me to introduce the concept of part-whole into toponomastics. Among them are sequential properties for identity which include splits and mergers. Thus, a series of tributaries can merge into one river, and each tributary bears a part of the main river’s name and its own identity, in this way contributing to the identity and integrity of the whole river basin – a fact considered so important in river exploitation. For example, in the Altai region, the Čarġï (river) has the following tributaries: the Čičke-Čarġï, the Muqur-Čarġï, the Tüs-Čarġï, the D’aan-Čarġï, the Ulus-Čarġï, and the Üstigi-Čarġï; the river D’aan- Korgon has the following tributaries: the Antonov-Korgon, the Belogolovcev-Korgon, the Bol’šoj-Korgon, the Gorelyj-Korgon, and the Malyj-Korgon; or the lake Kindiktü-Köl has its splits labelled D’aan- Kindiktü-Köl and Kičü-Kindiktü-Köl. River or lake basins are perceived as an integrity not only on account of interconnected names of tributaries and splits with the main river or lake, but also because of including upper and lower reaches of a river, for example, into the integral system of one and the same split entity by giving the names of the main river (Čarġï-Bažï, Čarġï-Oozï; Qayïŋčï-Bažï, Qayïŋčï-Oozï; Balïqtu-Kool- Bažï, Balïqtu-Kool-Oozï, and others).
Open Access
The Cultural and Language Effects of the Influence of Russian on West Siberian Tatar Names
(York University, 2009) Lawson, Edwin D.; Zavyalova, Zineida S.
This study is part of a general investigation examining how political, economic, and cultural forces might affect a minority indigenous people speaking a different language (in this case, West Siberian Tatar in Tomsk, Siberia and the surrounding area). West Siberian Tatar is a non-written language. What this specific investigation focused on was naming patterns and their change. The hypothesis tested whether naming patterns in villages (where the dominant first language is Tatar) compared with naming patterns of Tatars who have gone to the city (many of whom have Russian names) might give a measure of how far Russification of Tatars has gone. For this question we measured the number of Tatars who adopted Russian given names as opposed to continuing their original Tatar names. A second question was whether the influence of Russification was greater for men or for women. While some might have predicted that the city-dwellers might have changed more, it came as a surprise that women in both communities were almost twice as likely to adopt Russian given names. The Appendix shows the name’s language origin, meaning, significance, and frequency. Projected future analyses include time periods, religious background, first language spoken, second language spoken, and where the languages are spoken—home, school, or work.
Open Access
Czech Toponyms of Foreign Origin as Witnesses of Multicultural Contacts in Central Europe
(York University, 2009) Harvalík, Milan
The fact that on the territory of the present Czech Republic different nations and ethnic groups came into close contact is also reflected in Czech toponymy where several layers of names of foreign origin can be distinguished. Besides the oldest toponyms (mostly hydronyms and oronyms) from the pre-Slavonic substrata ('Morava', 'Odra', 'Labe', 'Jizera'; 'Říp', 'Oškobrh') younger German names (adapted in various degree into Czech – e.g., 'Varnsdorf', 'Frýdlant', 'Liberec') occur often on the whole Czech territory. In the toponymy of the Eastern part of the Czech Republic (especially in Eastern Moravia in the Carpathians) names of Romanian (or more precisely Balkan) origin can be found ('Grúň'), which have been introduced there with the so-called Wallachian colonization. Czech toponymy has been considerably enriched with the geographical names borrowed from the Bible ('Tábor', 'Oreb', 'Sion', 'Jordán') and with toponyms from remote regions ('Temešvár', 'Amerika', 'Habeš', 'Port Artur', 'Korea') as well.
Open Access
Das choronymische Mikrosystem des Rumänischen. Eine historische Darstellung
(York University, 2009) Munteanu, Eugen
Im Rahmen des durch die rumänische Regierung finanzierten Projekts EHR («Etno-horonimia românească» – «Rumänische Ethnochoronymie») habe ich aus den Dokumenten verschiedener Epochen ausreichendes Material gesammelt, dessen lexikographische Betrachtung es mir erlaubt, ein relativ klares Bild über die Dynamik der rumänischen Choronymie zu bekommen. Es handelt sich im Wesentlichen um die Tatsache, dass in der Geschichte der rumänischen Sprache für die Ländernamen zwei verschiedene Benennungsverfahren koexistierten. In der ersten Periode der rumänischen Schriftsprache (16 .- 18. Jhd.) dominierten neben den intern geschaffenen Formen wie 'Ţara Românească', 'Crăia Leşească', 'Împărăţia Grecească', 'Ţara Moscalului' oder 'Moschicească' die gelehrten Einflüsse des Griechischen ('Ispaníia', 'Italíia', 'Dachíia') bzw. Altkirchenslawischen ('Râm'). Für die moderne rumänische Literatursprache (19. - 20. Jhd.) ist das latino-romanische Muster entscheidend geworden: 'Spánia', 'Itália', 'Roma', 'Rúsia' usw. Die etymologischen und stilistischen Interferenzen zwischen den historischen Varietäten der rumänischen Choronymie werden ausführlich erforscht und systematisch dargestellt.
Open Access
Designations of Origin in 15th Century Stockholm
(York University, 2009) Ryman, Lennart
In this paper, designations of origin referring to persons living in Stockholm, Sweden, from 1483 to 1492 are analysed. They indicate that the individuals so designated mainly came from Finland (then a part of Sweden), Denmark and a few Swedish provinces. It is clear that the vast majority of immigrants to the city were not known by designations of origin, and that the designations used were hardly representative in terms of the origins of the immigrants at large. As reasons for this lack of representativeness, perceptions of various regions and groups and the respective places held by the designations of origin in a lexicon or onomasticon are proposed.
Open Access
The Destiny in the Name
(York University, 2009) Piemonti, Anita
– the novel by the 2000 Pulitzer Prize winner for fiction Jhumpa Lahiri – was made into a film in 2006. In Italy the movie was released – and enjoyed great success – in 2007 with the title (The Destiny in the Name), an interesting transformation of the original title. What most appeals to me is the concept of homonym of which the namesake is a particular case. This will be my starting point in examining instances in which names have played crucial roles in masterpieces of western artistic tradition, while revealing their ties to a wider multi-lingual, multi-cultural, multi-ethnic world. Three examples: 1) Gogol as a character name in Jhumpa Lahiri’s postcolonial novel; 2) Vittore Carpaccio created one of his best-known and most powerful paintings because of his misunderstanding of the name of a certain holy martyr in the famous cycle ; 3) in the opening lines of the tragedy by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, a homonym is the device that provides the first hint of the Prince’s tyrannical character. Through such case studies I will consider the intriguing way in which homonyms have been used as a powerful discourse-shaping factor and rhetorical device and so push further the theoretical framework of the reflections on names in Ingeborg Bachmann’s essay (1959/1960).
Open Access
Dictionary of Moravian and Silesian Anoikonyms: A New Project of Czech Linguistics
(York University, 2009) Šipková, Milena
The priority of our dictionary of anoikonyms (the term used in traditional Slavic onomastic science; in different onomastic schools minor place names, field names, Flurnamen, microtoponyms, etc.) lies in the unique material (collected mainly through a correspondence survey and covering 96% of the territory under investigation), and in the theoretical and methodological conception that represents the Czech onomastic school (V. Šmilauer, R. Šrámek, I. Lutterer, J. Pleskalová, L. Olivová-Nezbedová, M. Harvalík). The onomastic interpretation of an anoikonym is not limited to etymology or word-formation; the Dictionary aims to reveal the variability of anoikonyms together with their geographical differentiation, their structure, their relation to the object as well as the motivational aspect of the naming process. In this way, it represents a new type of anoikonymic (microtoponymic) dictionary which is dominated by linguistic interpretation of the material comprising a great number of dialect forms. Many lexical units that cross the Czech border to Poland and Slovakia give the Dictionary an interslavic, Central-European character; registration of numerous lexical units of German origin, in contrast, emphasizes the multi-lingual connection with the German neighbourhood. The theoretical and methodological approach is illustrated by examples. The treatment of Moravian and Silesian anoikonyms may become a methodological basis for the anoikonymy (microtoponymy) in the .
Open Access
Die Toponyme in einer bulgarischen Bilingualismus-Situation
(York University, 2009) Dimitrova-Todorova, Liljana
Einen besonderen Einfluss auf die Toponymie der bulgarischen Landesgebiete hat die Herrschaft der Osmanen ausgeübt, die hier rund fünfhundert Jahre andauerte, vom 15. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Aus diesem Grunde sind Toponyme in einigen bulgarischen Gebieten, unter denen sich auch die Region von Popovo befindet, in einer Situation des bulgarisch-osmanisch-türkischen Bilingualismus entstanden und in ihr verwendet worden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die Prozesse dargestellt, denen die bulgarischen Toponyme im Gebiet von Popovo als Resultat dieses Bilingualismus unterzogen wurden. Indem sie sich an die Normen der fremden Sprache anpassten, wurden die Toponyme in phonetischer, akzentologischer, morphologischer und lexikosemantischer Hinsicht verändert. Dies drückt sich vor allem aus in der Substitution von Lauten oder Phonemen, als Elision, Jotation, Labialisation, der Anordnung von Konsonanten, als Metathese, der Assimilation und der Dissimilation von Lauten, durch Akzentwechsel, der Adaption an die grammatikalischen Kategorien Geschlecht, Numerus und Bestimmtheit, der Übernahme von Wortbildungssuffixen oder wortableitenden Affixen, der Übernahme von lexikalischen Einheiten, der Bildung hybrider Toponyme, von Calques von Toponymen etc.
Open Access
Do Qumran Inscriptions Show Hellenization of Qumran Residents?
(York University, 2009) Hamidović, David
The epigraphic corpus of Qumran has been known completely since the publication of André Lemaire in , by Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Jan Gunneweg in 2003. The publication of all the inscriptions in Khirbet Qumran, the associated caves and ‘Aïn Feshkha have shown something strange: Qumran residents might have been more Hellenized than the usual picture given by Qumran scrolls. Most of the inscriptions are personal names (or nicknames). Some of them have been written by members of the Qumran community. We propose to compare these inscriptions with contemporaneous epigraphic corpora discovered around the Dead Sea and with personal names noted in the Qumran nonliterary texts.